{"id":468,"date":"2015-04-29T18:33:47","date_gmt":"2015-04-29T16:33:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/?p=468"},"modified":"2025-12-21T11:10:16","modified_gmt":"2025-12-21T10:10:16","slug":"kraje_i_pochodzenie_po_gruzinsku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/kraje_i_pochodzenie_po_gruzinsku\/","title":{"rendered":"Kraje i pochodzenie po gruzi\u0144sku"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"468\" class=\"elementor elementor-468\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64fa4295 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64fa4295\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-39c6cc17\" data-id=\"39c6cc17\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beadc79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"beadc79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-align: left;\">Po przeczytaniu tego tekstu b\u0119dziesz zna\u0107 nazwy 27 kraj\u00f3w i poprawnie opowiada\u0107 o pochodzeniu ludzi i rzeczy. Zatem bierzmy si\u0119 do nauki! <\/span>Przyda si\u0119 nam na pocz\u0105tku s\u0142owo: <strong>\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0<\/strong> (kwekhana), oznaczaj\u0105ce &#8222;kraj&#8221;. Nazwy kraj\u00f3w po gruzi\u0144sku mo\u017cna podzieli\u0107 na kilka grup:<\/p><ul><li style=\"letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left;\">Te, kt\u00f3re bezpo\u015brednio pochodz\u0105 od obcych s\u0142\u00f3w i s\u0105 do nich bardzo podobne<\/li><li style=\"letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left;\">Te, kt\u00f3re ko\u0144cz\u0105 si\u0119 na &#8211;<strong>\u10d7\u10d8<\/strong>, ko\u0144c\u00f3wk\u0119 cz\u0119sto u\u017cywan\u0105 przy nazwach krain, region\u00f3w, nie tylko pa\u0144stw<\/li><li style=\"letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left;\">Te, kt\u00f3re wywodz\u0105 si\u0119 od nazw narodowo\u015bci (czasami mog\u0105 by\u0107 po\u0142\u0105czone z punktem 2)<\/li><\/ul><p style=\"letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left;\">Sp\u00f3jrzmy zatem na s\u0142owa. Na razie tylko kraje:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f88ce16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f88ce16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><tbody><tr><td width=\"130\">T\u0142umaczenie<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 (kraj)<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 (adamiani; osoba)<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8 (rzecz; niwti)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Polska<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Gruzja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Rosja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Ukraina<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e3\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Azerbejd\u017can<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Armenia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Turcja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Grecja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Mo\u0142dawia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Bu\u0142garia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Rumunia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">W\u0119gry<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e3\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Niemcy<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">S\u0142owacja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Czechy<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e9\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Litwa<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d5\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">\u0141otwa<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Estonia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Belgia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Holandia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10f0\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Francja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Anglia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Irlandia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d8\u10e0\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Hiszpania<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Portugalia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Ameryka<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Kanada<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u00a0<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Jak widzisz, okaza\u0142o si\u0119, \u017ce wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 z tych nazw jest bardzo prosta :) Zatem mo\u017cemy przej\u015b\u0107 do kolejnego elementu. Po gruzi\u0144sku mo\u017cemy powiedzie\u0107 o naszym pochodzeniu na dwa sposoby. Pierwszy z nich to konstrukcja \u201ePochodz\u0119 z kraju X\u201d i jest opisany on opisany <a href=\"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/skad-jestes-czyli-najczestsze-pytanie-w-gruzji\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tutaj<\/a>. Drugi, czyli \u201eJestem Polakiem\/Gruzinem itd.\u201d poznamy za chwil\u0119. Dla przypomnienia w j\u0119zyku gruzi\u0144skim nie ma rodzaj\u00f3w, dlatego na Polaka i Polk\u0119 czy Gruzina i Gruzink\u0119, b\u0119dzie jedno s\u0142owo.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Tworzenie nazw narodowo\u015bci dla os\u00f3b mo\u017cemy podzieli\u0107 na dwa sposoby:<\/p><ol style=\"text-align: left;\"><li>poprzez u\u017cycie ko\u0144c\u00f3wki <strong>-\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> do tematu s\u0142owa (przy wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kraj\u00f3w)<\/li><li>poprzez zastosowanie s\u0142owa u\u017cytego do stworzenia nazwy kraju.<\/li><\/ol><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Wiem, \u017ce brzmi to do\u015b\u0107 zawile, szczeg\u00f3lnie ta druga cz\u0119\u015b\u0107, ale kiedy spojrzysz na przyk\u0142ady, wszystko stanie si\u0119 jasne. Wracamy do naszej tabelki:<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"130\">T\u0142umaczenie<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 (kraj)<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 (adamiani; osoba)<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8 (rzecz; niwti)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Polska<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Gruzja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Rosja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Ukraina<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e3\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e3\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Azerbejd\u017can<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Armenia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Turcja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Grecja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Mo\u0142dawia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Bu\u0142garia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Rumunia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">W\u0119gry<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e3\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e3\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Niemcy<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">S\u0142owacja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e1\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Czechy<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e9\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e9\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Litwa<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d5\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">\u0141otwa<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Estonia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Belgia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Holandia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10f0\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10f0\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Francja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Anglia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Irlandia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d8\u10e0\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d8\u10e0\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Hiszpania<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Portugalia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Ameryka<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Kanada<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Jak widzisz, tylko kilka nazw narodowo\u015bci jest wyj\u0105tkiem. Tak\u0105 sam\u0105 konstrukcj\u0119 mo\u017cesz stosowa\u0107 do okre\u015blania pochodzenia z miasta lub regionu.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Je\u015bli to mamy opanowane, czas na okre\u015blanie pochodzenia rzeczy. Pami\u0119taj, \u017ce po gruzi\u0144sku u\u017cywamy innych s\u0142\u00f3w do okre\u015blania pochodzenia ludzi i rzeczy. Na szcz\u0119\u015bcie z pomoc\u0105 przychodz\u0105 nam ko\u0144c\u00f3wki, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cne w obu przypadkach. Kiedy m\u00f3wimy o rzeczach, u\u017cywamy ko\u0144c\u00f3wek<strong> &#8211;<\/strong><strong>\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\/-\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong> Jaka jest mi\u0119dzy nimi r\u00f3\u017cnica? Naj\u0142atwiej zapami\u0119ta\u0107 to w ten spos\u00f3b: je\u015bli w temacie s\u0142owa, do kt\u00f3rego dodajesz t\u0119 ko\u0144c\u00f3wk\u0119, pojawia si\u0119 \u201er\u201d, wtedy dodajesz ko\u0144c\u00f3wk\u0119 bez tej litery. Wyj\u0105tkiem s\u0105 s\u0142owa, sk\u0142adaj\u0105ce si\u0119 z wielu sylab \u2013 je\u015bli w takim s\u0142owie \u201er\u201d pojawi si\u0119 w pocz\u0105tkowych sylabach, r\u00f3wnie\u017c mo\u017ce pojawi\u0107 si\u0119 w ko\u0144c\u00f3wce.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Tyle teorii. Zobacz, jak to wygl\u0105da w praktyce:<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"130\">T\u0142umaczenie<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 (kraj)<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 (adamiani; osoba)<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8 (rzecz; niwti)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Polska<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Gruzja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Rosja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Ukraina<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e3\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e3\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10e3\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Azerbejd\u017can<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Armenia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Turcja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Grecja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Mo\u0142dawia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Bu\u0142garia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Rumunia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">W\u0119gry<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e3\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e3\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10e3\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Niemcy<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">S\u0142owacja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e1\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10e1\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Czechy<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e9\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e9\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10e9\u10d4\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Litwa<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d5\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d5\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">\u0141otwa<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Estonia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Belgia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Holandia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10f0\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10f0\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10f0\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Francja<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Anglia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Irlandia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d8\u10e0\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d8\u10e0\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d8\u10e0\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Hiszpania<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Portugalia<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Ameryka<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"130\">Kanada<\/td><td width=\"189\">\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0<\/td><td width=\"177\">\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/td><td width=\"154\">\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Mo\u017cemy do\u0142o\u017cy\u0107 do tego jeszcze pytanie \u201esk\u0105d\u201d, skoro znamy ju\u017c odpowied\u017a. Je\u015bli chcemy zapyta\u0107 o pochodzenie os\u00f3b lub rzeczy, mo\u017cemy zada\u0107 pytanie: <strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/strong> (sadauri)? Nawet w pytaniu wida\u0107 ko\u0144c\u00f3wk\u0119, kt\u00f3r\u0105 przed chwil\u0105 poznali\u015bmy.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Czym r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 <strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong>? (saidan), o kt\u00f3rym mo\u017cesz przeczyta\u0107 <a href=\"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/skad-jestes-czyli-najczestsze-pytanie-w-gruzji\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tutaj<\/a>, od <strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8<\/strong>? Pierwsze s\u0142owo oznacza dok\u0142adnie \u201esk\u0105d\u201d, drugie mo\u017cemy przet\u0142umaczy\u0107 \u201ejakiego pochodzenia\u201d.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Na koniec kilka przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w:<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0? \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1.<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8? \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc.<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0? \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1.<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">O u\u017cytym w przyk\u0142adach czasowniku by\u0107 mo\u017cesz przeczyta\u0107 <a href=\"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/czasownik-byc-czyli-podstawa-nauki-jezyka-obcego\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tutaj<\/a>, a o zaimkach wskazuj\u0105cych <a href=\"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/zaimki-dzierzawcze-i-pytania-o-posiadanie-po-gruzinsku\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tutaj.<\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-469\" src=\"http:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Pochodzenie.png\" alt=\"Pochodzenie\" width=\"391\" height=\"391\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Pochodzenie.png 640w, https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Pochodzenie-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Pochodzenie-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Pochodzenie-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Pochodzenie-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 391px) 100vw, 391px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Po przeczytaniu tego tekstu b\u0119dziesz zna\u0107 nazwy 27 kraj\u00f3w i poprawnie opowiada\u0107 o pochodzeniu ludzi i rzeczy. Zatem bierzmy si\u0119 do nauki! Przyda si\u0119 nam na pocz\u0105tku s\u0142owo: \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 (kwekhana), oznaczaj\u0105ce &#8222;kraj&#8221;. Nazwy kraj\u00f3w po gruzi\u0144sku mo\u017cna podzieli\u0107 na kilka grup: Te, kt\u00f3re bezpo\u015brednio pochodz\u0105 od obcych s\u0142\u00f3w i s\u0105 do nich bardzo podobne Te, [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20168,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[12,921,11],"class_list":["post-468","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gruzinski","tag-gruzinski","tag-gruzinski-a1","tag-jezyk-gruzinski"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/468","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=468"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/468\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35862,"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/468\/revisions\/35862"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20168"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=468"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=468"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jezykikaukazu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=468"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}